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7

Q1. Epithelial cells of the intestine involved in food absorption have on their surface:
  • 1) Zymogen granules
  • 2) Microvilli
  • 3) Pinocytic vesicles
  • 4) Phagocytic vesicles

Solution

The epithelium present in the lining of the intestine is columnar epithelium. Its cells are tall, slender and bear microvilli. Microvilli are brush-like structures which provide a larger surface area for the absorption of nutrients from the intestine.
Q2. The hindbrain of frog comprises
  • 1) Both A and C
  • 2) Diencephalon and cerebellum
  • 3) Cerebellum and medulla oblongata
  • 4) Cerebrum and medulla oblongata

Solution

The hindbrain of frog comprises the cerebellum and medulla oblongata.
Q3. Which one of the following is present in the integument of frog but not in that of mammals?
  • 1) Sweat glands
  • 2) Mucous gland
  • 3) Stratum germinativum
  • 4) Dermis

Solution

In frogs, the skin is made of epidermis and dermis. The dermis consists of mucous glands. The ducts of these glands open on the skin surface. In mammals, dermis, sweat glands and stratum germinativum are present in mammals.
Q4. Histamine-secreting cells are found in
  • 1) Muscular tissue
  • 2) Connective tissue
  • 3) Lungs
  • 4) Nervous tissue

Solution

Histamine is secreted by mast cells which are modified basophils of blood which occur in the loose connective tissue.
Q5. Describe the typical skeletal muscle. State any one part of the body where skeletal muscles are found.

Solution

Typical skeletal muscle fibres are striated, bundle together and are parallel. The several bundles are further enclosed in a tough sheath of connective tissue. Skeletal muscles are found in the hands (e.g. biceps).
Q6. Which of the following is absent in frog?
  • 1) Spinal cord
  • 2) Ribs
  • 3) Sense capsules
  • 4) Cranium

Solution

Ribs are absent in frog.
Q7. Name the respiratory organ in earthworm.

Solution

A moist skin surface is the respiratory organ of the earthworm.
Q8. The female genital pore of Pheretima posthuma is located on which segment?
  • 1) 14th
  • 2) 18th
  • 3) 15th
  • 4) 16th

Solution

The female genital pore of Pheretima posthuma is located on the 14th segment. Ovarian funnels present beneath the ovaries which continue into the oviduct and join open outside as the female genital pore.
Q9. Name the fluid connective tissue.

Solution

Blood
Q10. State the function of nephridia.

Solution

Nephridia regulate the volume and composition of the body fluids in earthworm.
Q11. How many Malpighian tubules are present in cockroach?

Solution

100-150 Malpighian tubules are present in cockroach.
Q12. In earthworm,  
  • 1) Integumentary and pharyngeal nephridia are exonephric.  
  • 2) Pharyngeal and septal nephridia are exonephric.  
  • 3) Integumentary and septal nephridia are enteronephric.  
  • 4) Pharyngeal and septal nephridia are enteronephric.  

Solution

In earthworm, the pharyngeal and septal nephridia are enteronephric, while the integumentary nephridia are exonephric.  
Q13. Where are the spermathecal apertures located on the body of the earthworm?  

Solution

Spermathecal apertures are located on the ventrolateral sides of the intersegmental grooves of 5th to 9th segments.  
Q14. In which one of the following organisms, is its excretory organs correctly stated?  
  • 1) Earthworm - Pharyngeal, integumentary and septal nephridia  
  • 2) Frog - Kidneys, skin and buccal epithelium  
  • 3) Cockroach - Malpighian tubules and enteric caeca  
  • 4) Humans - Kidneys, sebaceous glands and tear glands  

Solution

In earthworms, three pairs of pharyngeal nephridia are present in the 3rd, 4th and 5th segments.     Integumentary nephridia are present in the linings of the body wall from the 3rd segment to the last segment.     Septal nephridia are present on the intersegmental septa of segment 15 to the last. These nephridia open into the small intestine.  
Q15. In which segment in earthworm is the clitellum present?
  • 1) 5-6th segment
  • 2) 17-19th segment
  • 3) 14-16th segment
  • 4) 16th segment

Solution

Clitellum is a dark band of the glandular tissue which is present in 14-16th segments.
Q16. Uric acid is the chief nitrogenous component of the excretory product of
  • 1) Earthworm
  • 2) Cockroach
  • 3) Frog
  • 4) Man

Solution

Uricotelic animals excrete nitrogenous waste in the form of uric acid. The excreta is in the form of a thick pellet to minimise water loss. Reptiles, birds, insects and land snails are uricotelic animals. Cockroach is an insect and hence exhibits uricotelism.
Q17. One special feature in earthworm, Pheretima, is that  
  • 1) The S-shaped setae embedded in the integument are the defensive weapons used against the enemies.  
  • 2) Fertilisation of eggs occurs inside the body.  
  • 3) The typhlosole greatly increases the effective absorption area of the digested food in the intestine.  
  • 4) It has a long dorsal tubular heart.  

Solution

The typhlosole is the median fold of the dorsal wall of the intestine between segments 26 and 35. It increases the area of absorption.  
Q18. Ovaries in frog are attached to the
  • 1) Both B and C
  • 2) Dorsal wall of the kidneys
  • 3) Posterior wall of the abdomen
  • 4) Dorsal wall of the abdomen

Solution

The ovaries are attached to the dorsal wall of the abdomen and kidneys by a thin membrane known as mesovarium.
Q19. Represent diagrammatically:     (a) Unicellular glandular epithelium     (b) Cartilage tissue  

Solution

(a) Unicellular glandular epithelium:            (b) Cartilage tissue:         
Q20. Earthworms have no skeleton, but during burrowing, the anterior end becomes turgid and acts as a hydraulic skeleton. This is due to  
  • 1) Coelomic fluid  
  • 2) Gut peristalsis  
  • 3) Blood  
  • 4) Setae  

Solution

Coelomic fluid serves as a hydrostatic skeleton and helps the muscles of the body wall in locomotion. When the circular muscles contract, the coelomic fluid provides stiffness to the body and the longitudinal muscles relax. When the earthworm holds the ground firmly, the circular muscles relax and the longitudinal muscles contract. Here, the coelomic fluid makes the region stiff which is behind the anterior region so that muscles can push the body forward.  
Q21. Simple epithelium is a tissue in which the cells are
  • 1) Cemented directly to one another to form a single layer
  • 2) Loosely connected to one another to form an irregular organ
  • 3) Hardened and provide support to the organ
  • 4) Continuously dividing to provide form to an organ

Solution

An epithelium is a sheet or tube of firmly adherent cells with minimum material and space between them.
Q22. Name one gland which shows the presence of multicellular glandular epithelium with cluster of cells.

Solution

Salivary glands
Q23. Name the membrane which joins the dorsal tergites and the ventral sternites in cockroaches.

Solution

The arthrodial membrane which is thin, flexible and articular connects the dorsal tergites and the ventral sternites in cockroaches.
Q24. Which one of the following has an open circulatory system?  
  • 1) Periplaneta  
  • 2) Octopus  
  • 3) Hirudinaria  
  • 4) Pheretima  

Solution

Periplaneta (cockroach) shows the presence of the open circulatory system. Its body cavity and viscera are bathed by blood.     The heart of a cockroach is a long, tube-like structure. It lies along the mid-dorsal line of the thorax and abdomen. It is a 13-chambered organ, and the opening of each chamber into other chambers is guarded by valves.  
Q25. The salivary gland in earthworm is found in
  • 1) Pharyngeal wall
  • 2) Dorsal wall of buccal cavity
  • 3) None of the above
  • 4) Ventral wall of buccal cavity

Solution

Salivary glands are bulb-like structures present in the pharyngeal walls. The ducts of the salivary glands are present in the pharyngeal epithelium. The glands secrete the salivary mucus in the pharynx.
Q26. Draw a labelled diagram of the open circulatory system of cockroach.  

Solution

          
Q27. Antennae of cockroach function as  
  • 1) Gustatory receptors  
  • 2) Olfactory receptors  
  • 3) Auditory receptors  
  • 4) Tactile and olfactory receptors  

Solution

Antennae are thread-like structures which extend forward from a socket present on the head dorsally. Each antenna is made of small segments called podomeres. They are mobile and act as tactile, olfactory and thermal receptors.  
Q28. The heart of cockroach is
  • 1) 13-chambered
  • 2) 9-chambered
  • 3) 29-chambered
  • 4) 6-chambered

Solution

The heart of a cockroach is a long tube-like structure. It lies along the mid-dorsal line of the thorax and abdomen. It is a 13-chambered organ, and the opening of each chamber into other chambers is guarded by valves.
Q29. State the significance of elastin in connective tissues.

Solution

Elastin provides strength, flexibility and elasticity to the connective tissue.
Q30. Name the cavities in bone tissues in which osteocytes are placed.

Solution

Lacunae
Q31. In earthworm, the characteristic internal medial fold of the dorsal wall of the intestine (called typhlosole) is present in
  • 1) 15 to last segment
  • 2) 9 to 14 segments
  • 3) 5 to 9 segments
  • 4) 35 to last segment
  • 5) 26 to 35 segments

Solution

Typhlosole is the median fold of the dorsal wall of the intestine between segments 26 and 35. It increases the area of absorption.
Q32. Which of the following animals is unisexual?
  • 1) Earthworm
  • 2) Sponge
  • 3) Leech
  • 4) Cockroach
  • 5) Tapeworm

Solution

Cockroaches are unisexual, i.e. the sexes are separate. They are also called dioecious. Leech, sponges and earthworm are hermaphrodites.
Q33. Draw a well-labelled diagram representing the excretory system of earthworm.

Solution

Excretory system of earthworm:   
Q34. Which structure is absent in male cockroach?  
  • 1) Spermatheca  
  • 2) None of the above  
  • 3) Labium  
  • 4) Phallomere  

Solution

Spermathecae are present in female cockroaches. A pair of spermathecae is present in the 6th segment which opens into the genital chamber. Sperms are received and stored in the spermatheca.  
Q35. Define vermicomposting.

Solution

The process of increasing the fertility of soil by earthworms is called vermicomposting.
Q36. Mention any four sites in the human body where cartilage is found.

Solution

Cartilage is found in the human body at the following four sites - Outer ear joints, tip of the nose, between adjacent vertebrae and between adjacent bones in the hands and legs.
Q37. Explain nocturnal vision in cockroaches.  

Solution

Each compound eye of cockroach is made of 2000 ommatidia.     With ommatidia, a cockroach can receive several images of an object.     Cockroach vision is sensitive but provides less resolution. Such vision is called mosaic vision.     This kind of vision is common during the night, and hence, it is also called nocturnal vision.  
Q38. Which of the following is not exclusively supplied with involuntary muscles?
  • 1) Muscular coats of blood vessels
  • 2) Muscles of urethra
  • 3) Muscles of iris
  • 4) Muscles of the ducts of glands

Solution

Smooth muscles are involuntary muscles and are found in the posterior part of the oesophagus, stomach, urinogenital tract, blood vessels, iris of eye and dermis of skin.
Q39. Write the functions of bones.

Solution

Functions of bones: They serve as the main tissue in providing a support framework to the body. They support and protect the softer tissues and organs in the body. The limb bones bear the weight of the body. The limb bones interact with the skeletal muscles attached to them to bring about movements in the body. The bone marrow serves as the site of production of blood cells. (Write any four)
Q40. Select the correct statement from the ones given below with respect to Periplaneta americana.
  • 1) Males bear a pair of short thread-like anal styles.
  • 2) Grinding of food is carried out only by the mouth parts.  
  • 3) The nervous system located dorsally consists of segmentally arranged ganglia joined by a pair of longitudinal connectives.  
  • 4) There are 16 long Malpighian tubules present at the junctions of the midgut and hindgut.

Solution

Males bear a pair of short thread-like anal styles. Anal styles are absent in female cockroaches. The nervous system is located on the ventral side. It consists of segmentally arranged ganglia joined by a pair of longitudinal connectives. There are 100-105 thin Malpighian tubules present at the junctions of the midgut and hindgut. The gizzard also helps in the grinding of food.
Q41. What is cloaca?

Solution

Cloaca is a small median chamber which is used to pass the faecal matter, urine and sperms to the exterior.
Q42. Name the organ which secretes digestive juices in cockroach.

Solution

Gastric caecae (hepatic caecae) secrete digestive juices in cockroach.
Q43. Draw well-labelled diagrams of the following: (a) Columnar epithelium bearing cilia (b) Dense irregular connective tissue

Solution

(a) Columnar epithelium-bearing cilia:    (b) Dense irregular connective tissue:   
Q44. How many ova are laid by a mature female frog at a time?

Solution

2500 to 3000 ova are laid by the female frog at a time.
Q45. What is the composition of haemolymph?

Solution

The haemolymph is composed of plasma and haemocytes.
Q46. Name the structure which is found between 26 and 35 segments in the intestine of earthworm.

Solution

Typhlosole
Q47. The colour of the body in earthworm is brown due to the presence of
  • 1) Blood
  • 2) Haemocyanin
  • 3) Porphyrin
  • 4) Haemoglobin

Solution

Porphyrin is a dark red pigment which is sensitive to light. It imparts red colour to the earthworm and protects it from solar UV radiations.
Q48. State the difference between dense regular connective tissue and dense irregular connective tissue on the basis of arrangement of fibres.  

Solution

Dense Regular Connective Tissue     Dense Irregular Connective Tissue     Collagen fibres are present in rows between many parallel bundles of fibres.     Fibroblasts and collagen fibres are oriented differently.        
Q49. State the function of the simple epithelium.

Solution

The function of the simple epithelium is to line the body cavities, ducts and tubes.
Q50. Write the scientific name for cockroach.

Solution

The scientific name for cockroach is Periplaneta americana.
Q51. Compared to those of humans, the erythrocytes in frog are  
  • 1) Much smaller and fewer  
  • 2) Nucleated and without haemoglobin  
  • 3) Nucleated and with haemoglobin  
  • 4) Without nucleus but with haemoglobin  

Solution

Erythrocytes of frogs are nucleated and carry haemoglobin. Even birds have nucleated erythrocytes. Mammals, except camels, have enucleated erythrocytes.
Q52. What is present at the junction of the midgut and hindgut? State its function.

Solution

At the junction of the midgut and hindgut, a ring of 100-150 yellow coloured Malpighian tubules are present. They absorb nitrogenous waste products from the haemolymph and convert them into the excretory product, i.e. uric acid.
Q53. Name one epithelial tissue in which the nuclei are located at the base of cells.

Solution

Columnar epithelium
Q54. Write the name of the sclerites which cover the body of cockroach dorsally.

Solution

Sternites
Q55. What is mesorchium?

Solution

Mesorchium is the double fold of peritoneum through which a pair of testes is adhered to the upper part of the kidneys in frogs.
Q56. If a live earthworm is pricked with a needle on its outer surface without damaging its gut, then the fluid which comes out is  
  • 1) Slimy mucus  
  • 2) Excretory fluid  
  • 3) Haemolymph  
  • 4) Coelomic fluid  

Solution

The schizocoel of earthworm, i.e. the cavity between the body wall and the alimentary canal, is filled with coelomic fluid. It is a milky white alkaline fluid which helps in protection and locomotion.  
Q57. Differentiate between loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue.  

Solution

Loose Connective Tissue     Dense Connective Tissue     1. Cells and fibres are arranged loosely in a semi-fluid ground substance.     1. Fibres and fibroblasts are compactly arranged.     2. Areolar tissue provides the support framework for epithelium.     2. Tendons attach skeletal muscles to bones.     3. Adipose tissue is specialised to store fats.     3. Ligaments help to attach one bone to another.        
Q58. Which of the following is absent from the coelomic fluid of earthworm?  
  • 1) Proteins  
  • 2) Salts  
  • 3) Haemoglobin  
  • 4) Corpuscles  

Solution

The coelomic fluid in earthworm is water plasma which contains proteins, salts and corpuscles (viz. phagocytes, leucocytes, mucocytes and eleocytes).  
Q59. Pheretima and its close relatives derive nourishment from  
  • 1) Sugarcane roots  
  • 2) Soil insects  
  • 3) Small pieces of fresh fallen leaves of maize etc.
  • 4) Decaying fallen leaves and soil organic matter  

Solution

Earthworm derives its nourishment from decaying fallen leaves and soil organic matter. The gizzard grinds the decaying matter.  
Q60. The element found in the red pigment of vertebrate blood is
  • 1) Calcium
  • 2) Copper
  • 3) Magnesium
  • 4) Iron

Solution

Haemoglobin is a conjugated protein composed of a protein called globin and an Fe2+ porphyrin complex called haeme. The mineral present in the red pigment is iron.
Q61. What are the three parts of the thorax of a cockroach?

Solution

The three parts of the thorax of a cockroach are prothorax, mesothorax and metathorax.
Q62. State four types of animal tissues.

Solution

Four types of animal tissues are Epidermal tissue Connective tissue Muscular tissue Neural tissue
Q63. Which one of the following structures in Pheretima is correctly matched with its function?  
  • 1) Typhlosole - Storage of extra nutrients  
  • 2) Clitellum - Secretes cocoon  
  • 3) Setae - Defence against predators  
  • 4) Gizzard - Absorbs digested food  

Solution

The clitellum is a glandular tissue present in segments 14 to 16. It secretes a substance during cocoon formation which encircles the worm. It is a dark band of tissue which secretes mucus and albumin. Gizzard - grinding of food particles Setae - help in locomotion of the earthworm Typhlosole - increases the absorption area in the intestine
Q64. The four sketches (A, B, C and D) given below represent four different types of animal tissues. Which one of these is correctly identified in the options given along with its correct location and function?                    Tissue   Location  Function  
  • 1) B - Glandular epithelium IntestineSecretion  
  • 2) C - Collagen fibresCartilageAttack skeletal     muscles to bones  
  • 3) D - Smooth muscle tissue HeartHeart contraction  
  • 4) A - Columnar epithelium NephronSecretion and     absorption  

Solution

Cardiac muscles are smooth muscles. cardiac tissue is contractile tissue.
Q65. State the significance of the typhlosole in earthworm.  

Solution

The typhlosole increases the area of absorption in the intestine of earthworm.  
Q66. Describe the exoskeleton of cockroach.  

Solution

In cockroach, the exoskeleton is hard, chitinous and brown in colour.     It is made of hardened plates called sclerites.     The sclerites present on the dorsal side are called tergites, and the ones present on the ventral side are sternites.     Tergites and sternites are joined to one another by a flexible, articular membrane called the arthrodial membrane.  
Q67. Draw a labelled diagram of squamous epithelial tissue.

Solution

  
Q68. What is another term used for the gizzard of cockroach?

Solution

Proventriculus
Q69. Describe the respiratory system of cockroach.

Solution

The respiratory system of cockroach consists of a network of tracheae. Tracheae open outside through 10 pairs of spiracles which are present on the lateral side of the body. Tracheae are further divided into tracheoles which carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Exchange of gases occurs at the tracheoles by diffusion. The openings of spiracles are regulated by the sphincters.
Q70. Represent the digestive system of cockroach diagrammatically.  

Solution

Digestive System of Cockroach:         
Q71. Haversian canal occurs in
  • 1) Clavicle
  • 2) Scapula
  • 3) Pubis
  • 4) Humerus

Solution

The Haversian system is found in the long bones of mammals and absent in the spongy bones of mammals.
Q72. Represent the mouth part of cockroach diagrammatically.  

Solution

          
Q73. Draw a diagram of the female reproductive system and label any six parts.

Solution

Female Reproductive System:   
Q74. Write the names of three junctions found in the epithelium.

Solution

Three junctions found in the epithelium are 1. Tight junctions 2. Adhering junctions 3. Gap junctions
Q75. Name the connective tissue in which collagen is absent.

Solution

Blood
Q76. Which one of the following is not syncytial?  
  • 1) Cardiac muscle  
  • 2) Smooth muscle  
  • 3) Skeletal muscle  
  • 4) Interstitial muscle  

Solution

Smooth muscles are not striated. Each muscle fibre is with one nucleus. Many such fibres together are enclosed in a connective tissue sheath, but their cytoplasms are not fused.  
Q77. Differentiate between unicellular and multicellular glandular epithelium.  

Solution

Unicellular Glandular Epithelium     Multicellular Glandular Epithelium     1. Made of isolated glandular cells.     1. Consists of a cluster of cells.     2. Example: Goblet cells of the alimentary canal     2. Example: Salivary glands        
Q78. Identify the connective tissue: (a) Provides a structural framework to the body (b) Transports various substances in the human body (c) Supports the framework for epithelium (d) Attaches skeletal muscles to bones

Solution

(a) Provides structural framework to the body - Bones (b) Transports various substances in the human body - Blood (c) Supports the framework for epithelium - Areolar tissue (d) Attaches skeletal muscles to bones - Tendons
Q79. What is present at the junction of the foregut and midgut? State its function.

Solution

Gastric or hepatic caecae are present at the junction of the foregut and midgut. They secrete digestive juices.
Q80. Which set clearly indicates striated muscles?  
  • 1) Spindle, unbranched and uninucleated  
  • 2) Cylindrical, striped and nucleated  
  • 3) Cylindrical, syncytial and unbranched  
  • 4) Cylindrical, striped and branched  

Solution

Striated muscles are cylindrical with fibres enclosed in a connective sheath (skeletal muscles) or fused plasma membranes (cardiac muscles). They are multinucleated, and the cells do not exist independently, but their cytoplasms are fused.  
Q81. What is a phallomere?

Solution

Phallomere is a chitinous asymmetrical structure which acts as the external male genitalia which surrounds the male gonopore.
Q82. Which one of the following is the true description about an animal concerned?
  • 1) Frog - Body divisible into three regions - head, neck and trunk
  • 2) Rat - Left kidney slightly higher in position than the right one
  • 3) Earthworm - The alimentary canal consists of a sequence of pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, gizzard and intestine
  • 4) Cockroach - 10 pairs of spiracles (2 pairs on thorax and 8 pairs on abdomen)

Solution

In cockroach, two pairs of spiracles are present in the thoracic region and eight pairs are present in the abdominal region. Spiracles are slit-like apertures through which air enters the body of a cockroach. In rat, the right kidney is slightly higher in position than the left kidney due to the position of the liver. In earthworm, the correct sequence of the alimentary canal is pharynx, oesophagus, gizzard, stomach and intestine. In frog, the body is divisible into the head and trunk. The neck is absent.
Q83. What are spermatophores?

Solution

Spermatophores are bundles of sperms glued together.
Q84. Give an account of three different types of simple epithelia.  

Solution

Three major types of simple epithelia are     1) Squamous epithelium: Cells are flattened with irregular bodies.            It is found in the walls of blood vessels and the air sacs of the lungs.     Its function is forming diffusion boundaries.           2) Cuboidal epithelium: Cells are cube-like and arranged in a single line.            The cuboidal epithelium is commonly found in the ducts of glands, and the tubular parts of the kidneys are nephrons.     3) Columnar epithelium: Cells are tall and slender and arranged in a single line.     The nuclei of these cells are located at the base.            Columnar epithelium is found in the lining of the stomach and intestine. It aids in secretion and absorption.     In some cases, the free ends of cells possess microvilli. Such epithelium is called ciliated epithelium. The epithelium is responsible for the movement of mucus and particles in a specific direction.  
Q85. Answer in one word: Membrane which joins sclerites A median flexible lobe enclosed by the mouth parts Cavity in which visceral organs are present Hexagonal units present in compound eyes

Solution

Membrane which joins sclerites - Arthrodial membrane A median flexible lobe enclosed by the mouth parts - Hypopharynx Cavity in which visceral organs are present - Haemocoel Hexagonal units present in compound eyes - Ommatidia
Q86. Name the fibrils present in the muscle tissue.

Solution

Myofibrils
Q87. Four healthy people in their twenties got involved in injuries resulting in damage and death of a few cells of the following. Which of the cells are least likely to be replaced by new cells?
  • 1) Neurons
  • 2) Osteocytes
  • 3) Malpighian layer of the skin
  • 4) Liver cells

Solution

Neurons are the only cells in the body which do not divide and cannot be replaced.
Q88. Identify the type of epithelium: (a) Single layer of tall and slender cells (b) Unicellular columnar cells specialised in secretion

Solution

(a) Single layer of tall and slender cells - Columnar epithelium (b) Unicellular columnar cells specialised in secretion - Unicellular glandular epithelium
Q89. Name the type of muscle tissue in which the fibres taper at both ends and do not show any striations.

Solution

Smooth muscles
Q90. What are the three types of simple epithelium on the basis of structural modification?

Solution

The three types of simple epithelium on the basis of the structural modification are 1. Squamous epithelium 2. Cuboidal epithelium 3. Columnar epithelium
Q91. What are spiracles?

Solution

Spiracles are the small openings on the lateral sides of the body of cockroach though which the tracheae open outside.
Q92. Write the name of the frog species which is common in India.  

Solution

Rana tigrina is commonly found in India.  
Q93. How many times a nymph moults in order to attain the adult stage of cockroach?

Solution

A nymph moults about 13 times to attain the adult stage of cockroach.
Q94. Write the function of Malpighian tubules in cockroach.

Solution

In cockroach, the Malpighian tubules absorb nitrogenous waste products from the haemolymph and convert them into uric acid for excretion.
Q95. Stratum germinativum is an example of which kind of epithelium?
  • 1) Squamous
  • 2) Ciliated
  • 3) Columnar
  • 4) Cuboidal

Solution

Stratum germinativum consists of columnar cells resting on a common basement membrane.
Q96. State the name of the space into which the blood vessels open in cockroaches.

Solution

Haemocoel
Q97. Name the structure which represents or acts as the brain in cockroach.

Solution

Supraoesophageal ganglion acts as the brain in cockroach.
Q98. Name the phylum and class to which frog belongs.

Solution

Frog belongs to the phylum Chordata and class Amphibia.
Q99. State the scientific term used for the tongue of cockroach.

Solution

Hypopharynx
Q100. Write any four sensory organs present in cockroach.

Solution

Sensory organs found in cockroach are 1. Antennae 2. Maxillary palps 3. Compound eyes 4. Labial palps 5. Anal cerci (Write any four)
Q101. What is the scientific term used for the cells of cartilage?

Solution

The scientific term used for the cells of cartilage is chondrocytes.
Q102. Name the acid which is found in humans and is neutralised by the calciferous glands of earthworms.

Solution

Humic acid
Q103. Name the regions in which the body of an earthworm is divided.

Solution

The body of an earthworm is divided into preclitellar, clitellar and post-clitellar regions.
Q104. State the name of the plates which form the exoskeleton in cockroach.

Solution

Sclerites are the hard chitinous plates which form the exoskeleton in cockroach.
Q105. Distinguish between simple epithelium and compound epithelium.

Solution

Simple Epithelium Compound Epithelium 1. It is composed of a single layer of cells. 1. It is composed of more than one layer of cells. 2. It is involved in functions such as diffusion, secretion, absorption etc. 2. It is involved in the protection of the skin and inner linings of the organs.  
Q106. Cockroaches are not of economic importance. Justify. Or Cockroaches are serious pests and vectors of several diseases. Justify.

Solution

Human homes are the habitats of cockroaches. Cockroaches thrive in and around human homes. They are pests because they contaminate food by their excreta and destroy it. Through contamination of food, cockroaches also transmit various bacterial diseases.
Q107. Distinguish between smooth muscles and cardiac muscles.

Solution

Smooth Muscles Cardiac Muscles 1. Striations are absent. 1. Striations are present. 2. Cell junctions hold the muscle fibres together and they are bundled together in a sheath of connective tissue. 2. Cell junctions fuse the plasma membrane of muscle fibres and make them stick together. 3. They are found in the walls of internal organs such as blood vessels, stomach and intestines. 3. Cardiac muscles are present in the heart.  
Q108. State one difference between the nymph and adult cockroach.

Solution

The nymph bears wing pads in all stages, while the adult cockroach has wings.
Q109. State the name of connective tissues.

Solution

The various connective tissues are cartilage, bone, blood and adipose tissue.
Q110. Name the tissue which lines the inner surface of fallopian tubes.

Solution

Ciliated epithelium lines the inner surface of fallopian tubes.
Q111. Draw well-labelled diagrams of the following: (a) Multicellular glandular epithelium (b) Dense regular connective tissue

Solution

(a) Multicellular glandular epithelium:    (b) Dense regular connective tissue:   
Q112. State any two examples of dense connective tissue.

Solution

Tendons and ligaments are examples of dense connective tissue.
Q113. Represent the male reproductive system of cockroach diagrammatically.

Solution

Male Reproductive System of Cockroach:   
Q114. Draw a diagram of compound epithelium and state any one of its functions.

Solution

The compound epithelium provides protection to organs against chemical and mechanical stresses.   
Q115. Represent diagrammatically:     (a) Cardiac muscles     (b) Areolar tissue  

Solution

(a) Cardiac muscles:            (b) Areolar tissue         
Q116. Draw a well-labelled diagram of the reproductive system of earthworm.  

Solution

Reproductive system of earthworm:         
Q117. Define tissue.

Solution

The tissue is a group of similar cells along with intercellular spaces which perform the same function.
Q118. Distinguish between cartilage and bones.

Solution

Cartilage Bones 1. It is solid and pliable. 1. They are hard and non-pliable. 2. The cells are called chondrocytes. 2. The cells are called osteocytes. 3. Cartilage resists compression. 3. They provide a frame work to the body.  
Q119. Name the membrane which protects the eyes while the frog is in water.

Solution

The nictitating membrane protects the eyes while the frog is in water.
Q120. How are earthworms traced in gardens?

Solution

Earthworms are traced by their faecal matter called worm casting in gardens.
Q121. What is the meaning of paurometabolous development?  

Solution

The development through the nymphal stages is called paurometabolous development.  
Q122. What is clitellum?

Solution

Clitellum is a prominent dark band of glandular tissue which covers 14-16 segments in a mature earthworm.
Q123. State the names of two common Indian earthworms.

Solution

Pheretima and Lumbricus
Q124. If the head of a cockroach is cut off, it remains alive for one week. Justify.

Solution

In cockroaches, a small part of the nervous system is present in the head region. The rest of the nervous system is situated on the ventral side of the body. Hence, if the head of a cockroach is cut off, it remains alive for one week.
Q125. Name the structures other than the Malpighian tubules which help in excretion in cockroach.

Solution

Besides the Malpighian tubules, nephrocytes, the fat body and urecose glands help in excretion in cockroaches.
Q126. Where is the squamous epithelium found?

Solution

The squamous epithelium is found in the walls of blood vessels and air sacs of the lungs.
Q127. Write the name of the sclerites which cover the body of cockroach ventrally.

Solution

Tergites
Q128. Describe the adipose tissue and its functions.

Solution

Adipose tissue is an example of loose connective tissue. It is located beneath the skin. Its cells are specialised to store fat. The excess of nutrients which are not required by the body immediately are converted into fats and stored in adipose tissue.
Q129. Distinguish between the abdomens of the male and female cockroach.

Solution

Abdomen of Male Cockroach Abdomen of Female Cockroach The genital pouch lies at the hind end of the abdomen. It is bounded dorsally by 9th and 10th terga and ventrally by the 9th sternum. The genital pouch is formed when the 7th sternum fuses with the 8th and 9th sterna. A pair of short, thread-like anal styles is present. Anal styles are absent. It contains dorsal anus, male genital pore and gonapophysis. It contains female gonopore, spermathecal pores and collateral glands.  
Q130. In a cockroach, the abdomen consists of how many segments?

Solution

The abdomen of cockroach consists of ten segments.
Q131. Write the name of organs where the smooth muscles are formed.

Solution

Smooth muscles are formed in blood vessels, intestines and stomach.
Q132. Write the names of the mouthparts found in cockroach.

Solution

The mouthparts found in cockroach are a labrum, a pair of mandibles, a pair of maxillae and a labium.
Q133. Write the functions of the compound epithelium.  

Solution

Functions of compound epithelium:     It provides protection against chemical and mechanical stresses.   It covers the dry surface of the skin as well as the moist surface of the buccal cavity, pharynx, inner lining of ducts of salivary glands and pancreatic ducts.  
Q134. What is the function of antennae in cockroaches?

Solution

Antennae in cockroaches have sensory receptors which help in monitoring the environment.
Q135. How does the gizzard help in grinding the food in cockroach?  

Solution

The gizzard has an outer layer of thick circular muscles and a thick inner cuticle which together form six chitinous plates called teeth. These teeth help in grinding food.  
Q136. State the function of the muscular gizzard in earthworm.  

Solution

The muscular gizzard in earthworm helps in grinding the soil particles and decaying leaves.  
Q137. What is the function of the neuroglial cell?

Solution

The function of the neuroglial cell is to protect and support neurons.
Q138. Define oothecae.

Solution

  Oothecae are dark reddish to brown colour capsules which enclose or encase the fertilised eggs in cockroaches.
Q139. What is the length of an adult Periplaneta americana?

Solution

The length of an adult Periplaneta americana is 34-53 mm.


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